Water purification from organic and inorganic contaminants and microorganisms by micelle-clay and organo-clay complexes. Cation adsorption to clay particles and membranes. Preparation of herbicide formulations based on organo-clays and micelle-clay, which reduce herbicide leaching, volatilization and photodegradation. Particle aggregation in bulk and on surfaces. Membrane fusion: Vesicle-vesicle, virus-vesicle and virus-cell. Interactions of peptides with membranes and pore formation. Endocytosis.